Tentang Jenggot, Cingkrang dan Cadar dalam Pandangan Islam

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Tentang Jenggot, Cingkrang dan Cadar dalam Pandangan Islam

Pada suatu ketika seorang sahabat mengunjungi Nabi Sholallohu 'alaihi wasallam dengan memakai baju yang jelek.” Rasul SAW lalu bertanya, “Apakah engkau memiliki harta? Ia jawab, “Iya”. Rasul Sholallohu 'alaihi wasallam bertanya lagi, “Dari mana harta itu kau peroleh?” Ia menjawab, “Allah SWT telah memberikanku (harta berupa) unta, kambing, kuda dan budak” Rasul SAW kemudian bersabda, “Jika Allah SWT memberimu harta, maka tampakkanlah bekas (hasil/manfaat) nikmat dan kemurahan Allah SWT yang diberikan kepadamu itu” (HR. Abu Dawud).

Suatu ketika rasul bersabda kepada para sahabatnya, ”Tidak akan masuk surga seorang yang di hatinya terdapat sifat riya”. Kemudian ada yang bertanya tentang seorang yang memakai pakaian yang indah, sandal yang mewah dan surban yang mahal. Apakah orang itu telah riya karena berpenampilan melebihi yang lainnya. Rasul Sholallohu 'alaihi wasallam kemudian menjawab, ”Belum tentu, karena Allah SWT itu indah dan senang pada keindahan. Yang dimaksud riya adalah menolak kebenaran dan meremehkan manusia. (HR. Bukhari Muslim)Beberapa hadits ini menjadi bukti bahwa Rasulullah SAW sangat mendambakan umatnya untuk tampil dan terlihat indah, rapi dan bersih. Memperhatikan penampilan sehingga tidak ada halangan banginya untuk dapat bergaul dengan semua kalangan masyarakat. Yang barakibat terjaganya citra agama Islam sebagai agama yang bersih dan anggun.

Dalam kehidupan sehari-hari, anjuran tersebut bersifat fleksibel dan relatif. Disesuaikan dengan kondisi dan situasi serta profesi sehari-hari. Tidak terpaku pada satu model saja asalkan tidak dimaksudkan untuk sekedar bergaya, pamer kekayaan atau menyombongkan diri. (Etika Bergaul di tengah Gelombang Perubahan, kajian kitab kuning, 25-26) Jika di dalam teks-teks keagamaan secara tidak langsung ditemukan larangan atau anjuran untuk berhias dengan model tertentu, maka hal itu harus dilihat dalam konteks yang lebih luas. Tidak hanya terpaku kepada pengertian secara harfiyah saja.

Intinya adalah bagaimana seorang muslim berhias dan memperindah dirinya dengan tetap mendahulukan kesopanan, menutup aurat dan kerapian serta tidak berlebihan dan urakan. Dan yang terpenting adalah tidak untuk menimbulkan rangsangan atau menggoda orang lain. Inilah makna dari firman Allah SWT:
وَقَرْنَ فِي بُيُوتِكُنَّ وَلاَ تَبَرَّجْنَ تَبَرُّجَ الْجَاهِلِيَّةِ اْلأُولَى (الأحزاب، 33)
dan hendaklah kamu tetap di rumahmu dan janganlah kamu berhias dan bertingkah laku seperti orang-orang Jahiliyah yang dahulu (QS. Al-Ahzab, 33)

1. Memelihara Jenggot

Nabi Muhammad Sholallohu 'alaihi wasallam bersabda:

عَنْ ابْنِ عُمَرَ عَنْ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ قَالَ خَالِفُوا الْمُشْرِكِينَ وَفِّرُوا اللِّحَى وَأَحْفُوا الشَّوَارِبَ وَكَانَ ابْنُ عُمَرَ إِذَا حَجَّ أَوْ اعْتَمَرَ قَبَضَ عَلَى لِحْيَتِهِ فَمَا فَضَلَ أَخَذَه صحيح البخاري، 5442)
Dari Ibn Umar dari Nabi Muhammad Sholallohu 'alaihi wasallam bersabda, “Tampillah kalian berbeda dengan orang-orang musyrik, peliharalah jenggot dan cukurlah kumis”. Dan ketika Ibn Umar melaksanakan haji atau umrah, beliau memegang jenggotnya, dan ia pun memotong bagian yang melebihi genggamannya” (Shahih al-Bukhari, 5442)

Walaupun hadits ini menggunakan kata perintah, namun tidak serta merta, kata tersebut menunjukkan kewajiban memanjangkan jenggot serta kewajiban mencukur kumis. Kalangan Syafi’iyyah mengatakan bahwa perintah itu menunjukkan sunnah. Perintah itu tidak menunjukkan sesuatu yang pasti atau tegas (dengan bukti Ibnu Umar sebagai sahabat yang mendengar langsung sabda Nabi Muhammad Saw tersebut masih memotong jenggot yang melebihi genggamannya). Sementara perintah yang wajib itu hanya berlaku manakala perintahnya tegas.

Syaikhul Islam Zakariya al-Anshari menyatakan mencukur jenggot adalah makruh khususnya jenggot yang tumbuh pertama kali. Karena jenggot itu dapat menambah ketampanan dan membuat wajah menjadi rupawan. (Asnal Mathalib, juz I hal 551)

Dari alasan ini sangat jelas bahwa alasan dari perintah Nabi Muhammad SAW itu tidak murni urusan agama, tetapi juga terkait dengan kebiasaan atau adat istiadat. Dan semua tahu bahwa jika suatu perintah memiliki keterkaitan dengan adat, maka itu tidak bisa diartikan dengan wajib. Hukum yang muncul dari perintah itu adalah sunnah atau bahkan mubah.

Jika dibaca secara utuh, terlihat jelas bahwa hadits tersebut berbicara dalam konteks perintah untuk tampil berbeda dengan orang-orang musyrik. Imam al-Ramli menyatakan, “Perintah itu bukan karena jenggotnya. Guru kami mengatakan bahwa mencukur jenggot itu menyerupai orang kafir dan Rasululullah SAW sangat mencela hal itu, bahkan Rasul SAW mencelanya sama seperti mencela orang kafir” (Hasyiyah Asnal Mathalib, juz IV hal 162)

Atas dasar pertimbangan ini, maka ulama Syafi’iyyah berpendapat bahwa memelihara jenggot dan mencukur kumis adalah sunnah, tidak wajib. Oleh karena itu tidak ada dosa bagi orang yang mencukur jenggotnya. Apalagi bagi seorang yang malah hilang ketampanan dan kebersihan serta kewibawaannya ketika ada jenggot di wajahnya. Misalnya apabila seseorang memiliki bentuk wajah yang tidak sesuai jika ditumbuhi jenggot, atau jenggot yang tumbuh hanya sedikit.

Adapun pendapat yang mengarahkan perintah itu pada suatu kewajiban adalah tidak memiliki dasar yang kuat. Al-Halimi dalam kitab Manahij menyatakan bahwa pendapat yang mewajibkan memanjangkan jenggot dan haram mencukurnya adalah pendapat yang lemah. (Hasyiyah Asnal Mathalib, juz V hal 551). Imam Ibn Qasim al-abbadi menyatakan bahwa pendapat yang menyatakan keharaman mencukur jenggot menyalahi pendapat yang dipegangi (mu’tamad). (Hasyiah Tuhfatul Muhtaj Syarh al-Minhaj, juz IX hal 375-376)

2.Memakai Celana Cingkrang
Asal mula penggunaan celana cingkrang seperti yang dipakai oleh sebagian komunitas muslim adalah untuk menghindari larangan Nabi Muhammad SAW. Karena dalam sebuah hadits Nabi Muhammad SAW bersabda:

عَنْ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ عُمَرَ رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنْهُمَا قَالَ قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ مَنْ جَرَّ ثَوْبَهُ خُيَلاَءَ لَمْ يَنْظُرْ اللَّهُ إِلَيْهِ يَوْمَ الْقِيَامَةِ فَقَالَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ إِنَّ أَحَدَ شِقَّيْ ثَوْبِي يَسْتَرْخِي إِلاَّ أَنْ أَتَعَاهَدَ ذَلِكَ مِنْهُ فَقَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ إِنَّكَ لَسْتَ تَصْنَعُ ذَلِكَ خُيَلاَءَ (صحيح البخاري، 3392)

Dari Abdullah bin Umar RA ia berkata, Rasulullah SAW bersabda, “Barang siapa yang memanjangkan pakaiannya hingga ke tanah karena sombong, maka Allah SWT tidak akan melihatnya (memperdulikannya) pada hari kiamat” Kemudian sahabat Abu Bakar bertanya, sesungguhnya bajuku panjang namun aku sudah terbiasa dengan model seperti itu. Kemudian Rasulullah SAW bersabda, “Sesungguhnya engkau tidak melakukannya karena sombong”(Shahih a-l-Bukhari, 3392)

Hadits ini harus dilihat dari konteksnya, begitu pula dengan urutan dari sabda Nabi SAW tersebut. Dengan jelas Nabi SAW menyebutkan kata karena sombong bagi orang-orang yang memanjangkan bajunya. Hal ini berarti bahwa larangan itu bukan semata-mata pada model pakaian yang memanjang hingga menyentuh ke tanah, tetapi sangat terkait dengan sifat sombong yang mengiringinya.

Sifat inilah yang menjadi alasan utama dari pelarangan tersebut. Dan sudah maklum apapun model baju yang dikenakan bisa menjadi haram manakala disertai sifat sombong, merendahkan orang lain yang tidak memiliki baju serupa. Al-Syaukani menjelaskan, ”Yang menjadi acuan adalah sifat sombong itu sendiri. Memanjangkan pakaian tanpa disertai rasa sombong tidak masuk pada ancaman ini.” Imam al-Buwaithi mengatakan dalam mukhtasharnya yang ia kutip dari Imam al-Syafi’i, ”Tidak boleh memanjangkan kain dalam shalat maupun di luar shalat bagi orang-orang yang sombong. Dan bagi orang yang tidak sombong maka ada keringanan berdasarkan sabda Nabi kepada Abu Bakar ra”(Nailul Awthar, juz II hal 112) Imam Ahmad bin Hanbal dalam salah satu riwayat berkata, ”Memanjangkan pakaian dalam shalat hukumnya boleh jika tidak disertai rasa sombong” (Kasysyaf al-Qina`, juz I hal 276)

Oleh karena itu, memanjangkan baju bagi orang yang tidak sombong tidak dilarang. Boleh-boleh saja sebagaimana dikatakan oleh Rasulullah SAW kepada sahabat Abu Bakar RA. Sedangkan hukum haram hanya berlaku bagi mereka mengenakan busana dengan tujuan kesombongan, walaupun tanpa memanjangkan kain. Karena realitas saat ini kesombongan itu tidak hanya bisa terjadi kepada mereka yang mamakai baju panjang menjuntai, tetapi juga mereka yang memakai gaun mini. Mereka merasa apa yang digunakan adalah gaun yang berkelas, sehingga meremehkan orang lain. Dan inilah hakikat pelarangan tersebut.

Dari sisi lain, mengartikan hadits ini hanya dengan celana cingkrang adalah tidak tepat karena nabi menyebut hadits itu dengan kata pakaian (tsaub), sementara pakaian tidak hanya celana tetapi juga baju, surban, kerudung dan lainnya. Itulah sebabnya ulama menyatakan bahwa keharaman itu berlaku umum kepada semua jenis pakaian. Ukurannya adalah ketika baju itu dibuat dan dikenakan melebihi ukuran biasa. Dalam Syari’at, demikian ini disebut isbal. Isbal adalah menjuntaikan pakaian hingga ke bawah. Memanjangkan lengan tangan gamis adalah perbuatan yang dilarang karena termasuk isbal yang dilarang dalam hadits. Bahkan Qadhi Iyadh yang menyatakan ”Makruh hukumnya menggunakan semua pakaian yang ukurannya melebihi ukuran yang biasa, baik luas atau panjangnya” (Nailul Awthar, juz II hal 114)

Dari sinilah, maka larangan isbal seharusnya tidak hanya berlaku untuk celana, tetapi semua jenis busana jika di dalam mengenakannya disertai dengan rasa sombong, itu diharamkan. Begitu pula dengan memanjangkan kerudung adalah hal terlarang jika disertai sikap sombong, apalagi merasa dirinya paling beragama. Dengan demikian pakaian yang sudah biasa dikenakan kebanyakan umat islam saat ini baik berupa sarung maupun celana (bagi laki-laki) sampai di bawah mata kaki namun tidak menjuntai ke tanah tidak termasuk yang dilarang oleh agama berdasarkan beberapa penjelasan para ulama di atas.

3. Memakai Cadar
Firman Allah SWT:
وَقُلْ لِلْمُؤْمِنَاتِ يَغْضُضْنَ مِنْ أَبْصَارِهِنَّ وَيَحْفَظْنَ فُرُوجَهُنَّ وَلاَ يُبْدِينَ زِينَتَهُنَّ إِلاَّ مَا ظَهَرَ مِنْهَا وَلْيَضْرِبْنَ بِخُمُرِهِنَّ عَلَى جُيُوبِهِنَّ (النور، 31)
Katakanlah kepada wanita yang beriman: “Hendaklah mereka menahan pandangannya, dan memelihara kemaluannya, dan janganlah mereka menampakkan perhiasannya, kecuali yang (biasa) nampak dari padanya. Dan hendaklah mereka menutupkan kain kerudung ke dadanya. (QS. Al-Nur, 31).

Ayat ini menjelaskan perintah Allah SWT kepada perempuan-perempuan muslim untuk merendahkan pandangannya serta menjaga kemaluannya, lebih umum lagi adalah seluruh organ reproduksinya. Terkait dengan pembahasan aurat, ayat ini menegaskan larangan untuk menampakkan seluruh anggota badan perempuan kecuali yang biasa nampak darinya (ma dhahara minha). Inilah yang kemudian menjadi batasan aurat bagi perempuan.
Yang menjadi perdebatan kemudian, karena ayat ini tidak menyebutkan secara detail anggota badan yang dimaksud. Itulah sebabnya para ulama berbeda pendapat tentang apakah yang dimaksud Allah SWT dalam firman-Nya itu. Mayoritas ulama (jumhur) menyatakan bahwa yang dimaksud adalah wajah dan kedua tangan. Keduanya adalah sesuatu yang biasa nampak ketika seseorang melakukan interaksi sosial. Wajah adalah penanda pertama untuk mengenali seseorang. Begitu pula dengan tangan yang digunakan untuk berbagai keperluan.

Di dalam tafsir Ibn Katsir dikutip keterangan dari al-A’masy Dari Sa’id bin Jubair dari Ibn Abbas, “Dan janganlah mereka menampakkan perhiasannya kecuali yang biasa nampak darinya” ia berkata, “Wajah dan kedua tangan dan cincinnya”. Al-Marghinani dari kalangan Hanafiyah mengatakan, “Seluruh anggota badan perempuan adalah aurat kecuali wajah dan kedua tangannya” (al-Hidayah, juz I hal 158).

Dalam madzhab Malik, Syaikh Ibn Khallaf al-Baji memberikan keterangan, “Terkadang seorang Istri menemani suaminya yang makan bersama laki-laki lain. Dalam kondisi seperti ini, laki-laki- tersebut boleh melihat wajah dan kedua tangan wanita tersebut . Sebab dua anggota tubuh tersebut adalah yang biasa terlihat ketika makan. (Al-Muntaqa syarh al-Muwaththa’ juz IV hal 252 )
Ibn Hajar dari kalangan Syafi’iyyah menukil pendapat dari Qadhi Iyadh bahwa terjadi ijma’ bahwa seorang perempuan tidak wajib menutup wajahnya. Karena menutup wajah hukumnya sunnah dan, oleh karena itu, laki-laki yang berada di depannya juga disunnahkan memalingkan pandangan karena itulah perintah al-Qur’an” (Tuhfatul Muhtaj Syarh al-Minhaj, juz VII hal 193)

Dari sekian pendapat ini, tidak ada satupun yang menegaskan kewajiban memakai cadar, karena memang wajah itu bukan termasuk aurat yang wajib ditutupi. Pemakaian cadar yang berlaku di masyarakat Arab dahulu adalah tradisi bagi masyarakat tertentu. Ada pendapat dari golongan Hanafiyyah yang mewajibkan cadar karena wajah termasuk anggota yang wajib ditutup. Namun penerapan dari pendapat ini juga harus melihat konteksnya. Karena bisa jadi pemakaian cadar itu justru menyebabkan pemakainya terisolir manakala hal tersebut tidak bisa diterima oleh masyarakat setempat, Apalagi hanya karena persoalan ini akan menyebabkan perpecahan antara umat Islam karena disertai tudingan salah bagi mereka yang tidak memakai cadar.

Dengan demikian, memelihara jenggot, memakai celana cingkrang, dan memakai cadar tidak bisa dikategorikan sebagai identitas Islami. Pertama, karena dari segi dalil, hal tersebut masih terjadi perdebatan ulama dari dulu sampai sekarang (khilafiyah). Bahkan terhitung lemah dalilnya bagi yang mewajibkannya. Kedua, di samping lemah dalil, memelihara jenggot, memakai celana cingkrang dan memakai cadar tidak ada signifikansi dan pengaruhnya dalam realitas hidup kekinian. Ketiga, sebagian yang dianggap identitas Islami itu pada kenyataannya juga digunakan oleh tokoh-tokoh non-muslim yang memusuhi Islam. Misalnya Fidel Castro, perdana menteri Cuba yang komunis, Calvin (pembaharu Perancis yang juga nasrani), Karl Mark (bapaknya para komunis) dan lain sebagainya. Semuanya mengggunakan jenggot. Foto-fotonya bisa dilihat di berbagai buku ensiklopedi.

Semakin sulit kita menjelaskan ketika ada pertanyaan: “Katanya jenggot itu identitas Islami. Tetapi mengapa orang non-muslim yang memusuhi Islam juga menggunakannya?”. (idrusramli.com)

Tentang Jenggot, Cingkrang dan Cadar dalam Pandangan Islam

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