6 Eksperimen Mengerikan yang Pernah Dilakukan pada Manusia

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Human experimentation (atau human subject research) merupakan salah satu upaya dalam ilmu pengetahuan untuk melakukan pembuktian ilmiah secara sistematis, dengan menggunakan manusia sebagai objek penelitian.

Sepanjang sejarah dan perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan, eksperimen terhadap manusia--khususnya dalam dunia medis dan kedokteran--merupakan topik kontroversial yang banyak menuai perdebatan. Jika dilakukan secara salah, melanggar etika, dan hukum internasional, akan membuat human experimentation sebagai sebuah kejahatan terhadap kemanusiaan (crime against the humanities).

Di masa Nazi-Jerman misalnya, kita mengenal percobaan manusia sadis yang dilakukan terhadap tawanan Holocaust. Serupa juga yang dilakukan oleh tentara Jepang pada Perang Dunia II. Banyak di antara eksperimen yang dilakukan oleh kedua negara, melanggar etika serta hukum internasional.

Dari berbagai macam kasus yang ada, berikut enam eksperimen terkeji yang pernah dilakukan terhadap manusia, demikian seperti yang dikutip Liputan6.com dari Listverse.com, Senin (3/7/2017).

1. Stanford Prison Experiment

Eksperimen penjara Stanford merupakan sebuah studi psikologis yang meneliti tentang studi penal (pemenjaraan). Penelitian itu mengobservasi perilaku terpidana penjara dan petugas institusi pemenjaraan.

Percobaan itu dilakukan pada 1971 oleh tim peneliti Stanford University yang dipimpin oleh psikolog, Philip Zimbardo. Eksperimen itu melibatkan permainan peran yang dilakukan oleh para relawan penelitian.

Para relawan dibagi menjadi dua kelompok peran, yakni para terpidana dan petugas penjara. Tim peneliti membentuk sebuah penjara tiruan di ruang bawah tanah Fakultas Psikologi Stanford University.

Dalam waktu cepat, para relawan penelitian segera mendalami dan menyesuaikan diri dengan peran masing-masing, seolah-olah mereka hidup dalam komunitas panoptikon.

Namun, pendalaman peran para relawan ternyata melampaui batas-batas yang diharapkan oleh tim peneliti. Tak memakan waktu yang cukup lama, para relawan menunjukkan perilaku berbahaya, bertendensi melakukan tindakan kekerasan, serta self-destruct secara psikologis.

Sepertiga dari relawan yang berperan sebagai petugas penjara menunjukkan kecenderungan perilaku sadis dengan menyiksa para terpidana. Sementara hampir sebagian besar relawan yang berperan sebagai tahanan mengalami trauma emosional, bahkan dua di antaranya harus dikeluarkan dari eksperimen lebih awal.

Akhirnya, Zimbardo yang semakin khawatir dengan perilaku para relawan percobaan, harus menghentikan eksperimen lebih dini dari rencana.

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2. 'Studi Monster'

The Monster Study merupakan sebuah eksperimen terhadap 22 anak yatim piatu di Davenport, Iowa, Amerika Serikat pada 1939. Studi itu dipimpin oleh Wendell Johnson dari University of Iowa dan dibantu oleh salah satu mahasiswa pasca-sarjananya, Mary Tudor, untuk memantau eksperimen.

Ke-22 anak yatim piatu tersebut ditempatkan dalam kelompok kontrol dan kelompok eksperimen, dengan diberikan treatmentpenelitian yang berbeda. Metode penelitian itu dilakukan untuk membandingkan hasil observasi.

Tudor memberikan terapi "perlakuan dan ucapan positif" terhadap kelompok kontrol'. Sementara anak-anak dari kelompok eksperimen diberikan "perlakuan dan ucapan negatif".

Hasil memuaskan ditunjukkan dari kelompok kontrol yang diberikan "perlakuan dan ucapan positif". Sebagian anak-anak yang menjadi subjek penelitian memperlakukan perilaku terpuji setelah penelitian berakhir.

Namun, hasil mencengangkan terjadi pada kelompok penelitian yang lain. Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kelompok eksperimen mengalami dampak psikologis yang negatif dan bahkan mengalami masalah jangka panjang--yang bertahan cukup lama--pasca-penelitian itu selesai.

Bagi kalangan mahasiswa Fakultas Psikologi University of Iowa, eksperimen itu dijuluki "The Monster Study". Mereka merasa bahwa dampak eksperimen mengerikan itu dianggap "berlebihan", hanya demi memperoleh sebuah pembuktian teori secara ilmiah.

Percobaan itu tetap dilakukan secara tersembunyi, karena Johnson takut reputasinya ternoda jika eksperimen--yang dilakukan di masa Perang Dunia II-- itu diketahui publik. Setelah eksperimen itu menjadi rahasia umum, University of Iowa akhirnya secara terbuka meminta maaf atas studi tersebut pada 2001.

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3. Project 4.1

Proyek itu merupakan sebuah studi medis yang dilakukan terhadap penduduk Kepulauan Marshall, Amerika Serikat. Studi itu dilakukan untuk melihat dampak radioaktif dari uji coba nuklir Bravo Castle Bravo (BCB) pada 1 Maret 1954 di Barisan Atol Bikini.

Pada dekade pertama pasca-uji coba nuklir, dampak radioaktif yang melanda penduduk Kep. Marshall--seperti keguguran pada ibu hamil dan deformitas fisik-- menunjukkan inkonsistensi. Sehingga, tim observator merasa bahwa efek tes nuklir BCB tak memberikan dampak signifikan pada penduduk lokal.

Namun, pada beberapa dekade selanjutnya, efek krusial mulai terlihat. Anak-anak mulai menderita kanker tiroid dan hampir sepertiga penduduk terpapar neoplasma (deformitas fisik akibat sel kanker) pada 1974.

Akhirnya, sebuah laporan dari Kementerian Sumber Daya Energi AS menyimpulkan bahwa tes nuklir BCB 1954 memiliki tujuan ganda --selain uji coba rudal atom. Yakni, menjadikan penduduk Kepulauan Marshall sebagai kelinci percobaan dalam eksperimen dampak radiasi nuklir yang dilakukan oleh pemerintah.

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4. Project MKULTRA

Proyek ini merupakan eksperimen ternama di masanya dan digagas oleh CIA Amerika Serikat. Program MKULTRA, secara keseluruhan, merupakan riset mengenai dampak fungsi otak atas keterpaparan terhadap zat kimiawi tertentu.

Tujuannya adalah untuk mengetahui dampak apa yang dapat dihasilkan dari senyawa kimiawi tertentu jika dipapar pada otak manusia. Zat kimia yang digunakan berupa beragam senyawa narkotika berbasis LSD, yang dilarang menurut Ketentuan Nuremberg.

Perekrutan relawan eksperimen juga dilakukan dengan cara ilegal. Mereka memanipulasi sejumlah individu untuk terlibat dalam uji coba, dan menipu mereka agar tidak menceritakan eksperimen rahasia itu ke publik.

Pada 1973, Direktur CIA Richard Helms memerintahkan MKULTRA dan semua dokumen yang berkaitan dengan eksperimen itu untuk "dilenyapkan" serta memerintahkan Komunitas Intelijen AS membantah keberlangsungan tes tersebut. Alhasil, investigasi resmi tentang uji coba tersebut sulit untuk dilaksanakan.

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5. Eksperimen Korea Utara

Ada banyak laporan menyebut tentang eksperimen terhadap manusia yang dilakukan oleh Korea Utara. Laporan itu menunjukkan uji coba yang melanggar hak asasi manusia, yang dilakukan oleh pemerintah Korut, serupa seperti eksperimen ala Nazi-Jerman pada Perang Dunia II.

Hingga kini, tuduhan tersebut dibantah oleh Pyongyang, dan berdalih bahwa semua tahanan Korut diperlakukan secara manusiawi.

Namun, menurut keterangan saksi mata, sejumlah tahanan perempuan diberi makanan beracun, yang membuat mereka mengalami muntah darah dan pendarahan dari dubur.

Tak hanya itu, sejumlah fasilitas laboratorium gas beracun dan bilik suntik mati juga dilaporkan eksistensinya di Korea Utara.

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6. Unit 731

Nama itu digunakan untuk menyebut unit penelitian dan pengembangan senjata biologis dan kimia yang dilakukan oleh Angkatan Darat Kekaisaran Jepang selama Perang Dunia II. Unit itu bertanggung jawab atas beberapa kejahatan perang paling terkenal yang dilakukan oleh personel militer Nippon.

Beberapa kekejaman terhadap subjek manusia yang dilakukan oleh unit yang dipimpin oleh Shiro Ishii itu meliputi pembedahan orang hidup (termasuk wanita hamil), tahanan yang diamputasi anggota tubuhnya dan disambungkan kembali ke bagian lain tubuh mereka. Beberapa tahanan memiliki bagian tubuh mereka yang dibekukan dan dicairkan untuk mempelajari gangren yang tidak diobati. Mereka digunakan sebagai uji kasus hidup untuk granat dan pelontar api.

Sejumlah tahanan juga disuntik penyakit dan diberikan vaksin yang belum terbukti keefektifannya, menjadikan mereka subjek eksperimen medis.

Ishii sendiri lolos dari pengadilan Nuremberg. Ia bahkan diberikan kekebalan oleh Otoritas Kependudukan AS di Jepang dan tidak menjalani hukuman penjara sama sekali.

http://m.liputan6.com/global/read/3010029/6-eksperimen-sadis-yang-pernah-dilakukan-pada-manusia

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